Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness
Nurse Education TodayPublished 7 November 2003
Ulla Hällgren Graneheim, Berit Lundman
Citations20,806
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.48
SNIP2.03
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TL;DR
An overview of important concepts related to qualitative content analysis is provided and measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure are proposed.
Abstract
Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicting opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedures and interpretation. This paper provides an overview of important concepts (manifest and latent content, unit of analysis, meaning unit, condensation, abstraction, content area, code, category and theme) related to qualitative content analysis; illustrates the use of concepts related to the research procedure; and proposes measures to achieve trustworthiness (credibility, dependability and transferability) throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of Watzlawick et al.'s [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London] theory of communication.
Keywords
Social SciencesNursing
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