Implicit Memory: A Selective Review
Annual Review of NeurosciencePublished 1 March 1993
Daniel L. Schacter, Chiayu Q. Chiu, Kevin N. Ochsner
Citations624
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score7.11
SNIP3.24
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TL;DR
The investigation of human mcmory has undergone a major transformation during the past decade, characterized by Richardson-Klavehn & Bjork (1988) as a "revolution in the way that the authors measure and interpret the influence of past events on current experience and behavior".
Abstract
The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Keywords
PsychologyNeuroscience
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NeuropsychologiaFurther analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M.
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Certain residual learning capacities of H.M., a young man who became amnesic in 1953 following a bilateral removal in the hippocampal zone, are delineated against the background of his continuing profound amnesia, an amnesia that persists in spite of above-average intelligence and superior performance on many perceptual tasks.
ScienceAffective Discrimination of Stimuli That Cannot Be Recognized
1,199 Citations1980William Raft Kunst-Wilson, Robert B. Zajonc
Experimental evidence is presented that these preferences can develop even when the exposures are so degraded that recognition is precluded and animal and human subjects readily develop strong preferences for objects that have become familiar through repeated exposures.
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An isolated and severe defect of memory, with preservation of other intellectual functions, including span of attention, may occur as the result of localized brain pathology in amnesic patients.
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613 Citations1974Elizabeth K. Warrington, Lawrence Weiskrantz
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602 Citations1982Larry L. Jacoby, Dawn P. Witherspoon
Journal of NeuroscienceNeuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients
594 Citations1989WC Heindel, DP Salmon +3 more
The results for the PD patients suggest that the demented PD patients have endured damage to the neurologic systems subserving both motor learning and lexical priming.
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584 Citations1989Larry L. Jacoby, Vera Woloshyn +1 more
BrainPROCEDURAL LEARNING AND NEOSTYRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN MAN
528 Citations1988Jean A. Saint‐Cyr, A. E. Taylor +1 more
Patients with early stage Parkinson's disease are shown to be selectively impaired in a cognitive task of procedural learning while remaining intact in recall and recognition tests of declarative memory, thus demonstrating a double dissociation.
Memory & CognitionThe time to name disoriented natural objects
497 Citations1985Pierre Jolicœur
A series of experiments revealed systematic effects of orientation on the time required to identify line drawings of natural objects, and suggested that novel depictions of a known class of objects may be identified by a process of mental rotation.
Memory & CognitionEffects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word-fragment completion
494 Citations1987Henry L. Roediger, Teresa A. Blaxton
Subjects in Experiment i studied a list of words under varying presentation conditions and in two typographies within the visual condition and then received a word-fragment completion test and found that performance was better when typographies matched between study and test than when the typographies mismatched.
Cognitive NeuropsychologyVisual object processing in optic aphasia: A case of semantic access agnosia
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The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section APriming Effects in Amnesia: Evidence for a Dissociable Memory Function
431 Citations1986Arthur P. Shimamura
The phenomenon of preserved priming effects in amnesia is reviewed, relationships between priming and other memory functions are described, and what this spared memory function tells us about the organization of memory is commented on.
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403 Citations1984Judith F. Kroll, Mary C. Potter
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American PsychologistUnderstanding implicit memory: A cognitive neuroscience approach.
391 Citations1992Daniel L. Schacter
How a cognitive neuroscience orientation can help to supply a basis for postulating memory systems, can provide useful constraints for processing views, and can encourage the use of research strategies that the author refers to as cross-domain hypothesis testing and cross- domain hypothesis generation are illustrated.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionImplicit memory and test awareness.
369 Citations1990Jeffrey S. Bowers, Daniel L. Schacter
It is suggested that single word priming and associative priming reflect different memory processes because the former and not the latter effect can be observed in unaware subjects.
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358 Citations1992Irving Biederman, Eric E. Cooper
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionImplicit and explicit memory in young and older adults.
342 Citations1987Leah L. Light, Asha Singh
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PerceptionEvidence for Complete Translational and Reflectional Invariance in Visual Object Priming
336 Citations1991Irving Biederman, Eric E. Cooper
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Cognitive PsychologyPriming contour-deleted images: Evidence for intermediate representations in visual object recognition
332 Citations1991Irving Biederman, Eric E. Cooper
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Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralImplicit memory for unfamiliar objects depends on access to structural descriptions.
326 Citations1990Daniel L. Schacter, Lynn A. Cooper +1 more
Results were consistent with the hypothesis that implicit memory, as indexed by priming on the object decision task, depends on encoding of and access to structural descriptions of objects.
Memory & CognitionAltering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect
325 Citations1987Mary Susan Weldon, Henry L. Roediger
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322 Citations1992Daniel L. Schacter, Barbara A. Church
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322 Citations1979Lawrence Weiskrantz, Elizabeth K. Warrington
Conditioning apparently should be added to the growing list of examples of adequate long-term retention in amnesic subjects, the variety of which makes it difficult to interpret the deficit in terms of a failure of consolidation of particular types of material or of an insensitivity to particular encoding requirements.
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319 Citations1983Timothy C. Feustel, Richard M. Shiffrin +1 more
The results of the experiments suggest separate contributions of lexical status and presentations to the repetition effect, and a model was developed that outlines the relative contributions of episodic traces for particular events, and of uriitized representations of words in semantic memory, to the repeats in word and nonword identification.
Psychological ScienceIntact Artificial Grammar Learning in Amnesia: Dissociation of Classification Learning and Explicit Memory for Specific Instances
319 Citations1992Barbara J. Knowlton, Seth J. Ramus +1 more
The results show that classification learning based on exemplars of an artificial grammar can develop normally despite impaired memory for the exemplars themselves.
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312 Citations1992Chad J. Marsolek, Stephen M. Kosslyn +1 more
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Andrew Mayes argues that the memory deficits found in several neurological and psychiatric syndromes comprise co-occurring elementary memory disorders, and outlines the implications of his taxonomy for the understanding of normal memory.
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Alcoholic Korsakoff patients and controls were given three variants of a priming task and recognition by amnesics was significantly impaired when the delay was introduced; although it too was normal with no delay.
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British Journal of PsychologyThe effects of priming on picture recognition
224 Citations1982Clive Warren, John Morton
The prior presentation of a picture serves to facilitate the recognition of that picture in a tachistoscope up to 45 minutes later and the categorization model enables consistent interpretation of these data, which otherwise appear contradictory.
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158 Citations1989Daniel L. Schacter, Peter Graf
The present experiments reveal that implicit memory for new associations, though elaboration dependent, is also modality specific; this indicates that within the domain of implicit memory, access to the products of elaborative processing depends on modality-specific, sensory-perceptual processing.
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158 Citations1990Gail Musen, Anne Treisman
NeuropsychologiaIntact priming of patterns despite impaired memory
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Under some conditions, the older but not the young adults performed more poorly on cued recall than on stem completion, suggesting a possible failure to use implicitly available information to support explicit remembering.
PsychobiologyCognitive skill learning in amnesia
144 Citations1990Larry R. Squire, Mary Frambach
The findings show that cognitive skill learning can initially proceed at a normal rate in amnesia, presumably because declarative knowledge makes no material contribution to performance early in training, but may make an important contribution later in training and may therefore give normal subjects an advantage over amnesic patients.
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139 Citations1984Anita Jackson, John Morton
An experiment that investigated facilitation of recognition of spoken words presented in noise IS found a large effect of auditory priming on word recognition that did not depend upon the voice (male or female) of presentation, and much smaller, but significant, effects of prior visual experience of the words.
Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralPriming effects in picture fragment completion: Support for the perceptual closure hypothesis.
138 Citations1990Joan Gay Snodgrass, Kelly Feenan
Cognitive PsychologyThe role of visual and semantic codes in object naming
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It is concluded that at least three types of representation may be necessary: visual codes, nonverbal semantic codes, and name codes, as well as several alternative models of the coding processes involved in naming objects.
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NeuropsychologiaLexical decision and priming in Alzheimer's disease
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Patients with probable Alzheimer's disease were no faster at making lexical decisions to targets preceded by a semantic prime than to those preceded by an unrelated prime, in contrast to the facilitatory effect of semantic primes for controls.
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The effects of age on implicit memory were assessed in elderly young adults using 2 priming procedures and suggest an age-related decline in both implicit and explicit memory.
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126 Citations1988Shlomo Bentin, Morris Moscovitch
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryClassical conditioning in patients with severe memory problems.
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Three patients with temporal lobe lesions and severe memory problems were assessed in terms of eyeblink conditioning, extinction, discrimination and reversal learning, and in one patient electrodermal conditioning.
NeuropsychologiaLong-term retention of computer learning by patients with memory disorders☆
122 Citations1988Elizabeth L. Glisky, Daniel L. Schacter
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PsychobiologyIntact priming of words and nonwords in amnesia
121 Citations1991Frank Haist, Gail Musen +1 more
Psychological ScienceImplicit and Explicit Memory following Surgical Anesthesia
118 Citations1990John F. Kihlstrom, Daniel L. Schacter +3 more
At least under some conditions, adequate surgical anesthesia appears to abolish explicit, but not implicit, memory for intraoperative events.
Bulletin of the Psychonomic SocietyLife-span changes in implicit and explicit memory
112 Citations1990Peter Graf
PsychopharmacologyDiazepam induces a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory
106 Citations1989Jean‐Marie Danion, Maric-Agathe Zimmermann +3 more
The diazepam-induced dissociation between explicit and implicit memory supports the notion of two distinct forms of memory and reproduced the dissociation observed in organic amnesia.
Journal of Cognitive NeurosciencePreserved Priming of Novel Objects in Patients with Memory Disorders
104 Citations1991Daniel L. Schacter, Lynn A. Cooper +2 more
It is argued that priming is mediated by the structural description system, a subsystem of the perceptual representation system, that operates at a presemantic level and is preserved in amnesic patients.
Psychology and AgingDissociations between procedural and episodic memory: Effects of time and aging.
102 Citations1990David B. Mitchell, Alan S. Brown +1 more
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionRepetition and reading: Perceptual encoding mechanisms are very abstract but not very interactive.
101 Citations1989Thomas H. Carr, Joseph S. Brown +1 more
NeuropsychologiaEnhancement of word completion priming in amnesics by cueing with previously novel associates
98 Citations1989Andrew R. Mayes, Patricia Gooding
The extent of new association word completion correlated with word fluency as measured by the FAS test and with cued recall in the priming task, but correlated weakly with some measures of amnesic severity, but not with intelligence.
NeuropsychologiaWhen priming persists: Long-lasting implicit memory for a single episode in amnesic patients
95 Citations1987Mary Pat McAndrews, Elizabeth L. Glisky +1 more
The long-lasting implicit memory observed in the sentence puzzle task contrasts with previous findings of rapid decay of priming effects in amnesic patients.
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