Process tracing methods: Contributions, problems, and neglected research questions

Abstract

Process tracing approaches such as verbal protocol analysis and information board methodologies have been developed to study the cognitive processes underlying decision making. This review summarizes the growing body of literature using process tracing approaches to study decision making. Fortyfive studies were identified for this review and study characteristics were coded. The results firmly demonstrate that noncompensatory strategies were the dominant mode used by decision makers. Compensatory strategies were typically used only when the number of alternatives and dimensions were small or after a number of alternatives had been eliminated from consideration. The research also indicates that information processing in decision making is contingent on the demands of the task faced by the decision maker. Based on this review, methodological issues that could contribute to improving the rigor of process tracing research are discussed. The cost/benefit analysis framework of L. R. Beach and T. R. Mitchell (1978, Academy of Management Review, 3, 439–449) is then used as an integrative framework and as a guide for identifying needed directions for future research.