Feeling and facial efference: Implications of the vascular theory of emotion.
Psychological ReviewPublished 1 July 1989
Robert B. Zajonc, Sheila T. Murphy, Marita R. Inglehart
Citations434
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score3.06
SNIP2.88
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
Is facial muscular movement capable of alterning emotional state? Facial feedback theories answer this question in the affirmative but do not specify the intervening process. Cognitive appraisal theories do not address this question at all. The vascular theory of emotional efference (VTEE) holds that facial muscular movement, by its action on the cavernous sinus, may restrict venous flow and thereby influence cooling of the arterial blood supply to the brain
Keywords
PsychologyNeuroscience
American PsychologistFeeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
7,741 Citations1980Robert B. Zajonc
Psychological ReviewCognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
6,078 Citations1962Stanley Schachter, Jerome E. Singer
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyConstants across cultures in the face and emotion.
5,265 Citations1971Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen
Evidence is provided that members of a preliterate culture who had minimal exposure to literate cultures would associate the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors as do members of Western and Eastern literates.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyPatterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
3,834 Citations1985Craig A. Smith, Phoebe C. Ellsworth
This work proposes eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to differentiate emotional experience, and investigates the patterns of appraisal for the different emotions, and the role of each of the dimensions in differentiating emotional experience are discussed.
BrainDISCONNEXION SYNDROMES IN ANIMALS AND MAN
3,402 Citations1965Norman Geschwind
This paper would never have been written without Professor Zangwill’s urging, and I am grateful to him for having brought me to a more careful review of the older literature and a more precise statement of my own ideas.
ScienceAutonomic Nervous System Activity Distinguishes Among Emotions
2,699 Citations1983Paul Ekman, Robert W. Levenson +1 more
Emotion-specific activity in the autonomic nervous system was generated by constructing facial prototypes of emotion muscle by muscle and by reliving past emotional experiences, and distinguished not only between positive and negative emotions, but also among negative emotions.
The Journal of Experimental MedicineSite-restricted persistent cytomegalovirus infection after selective long-term depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes.
2,108 Citations1989Stipan Jonjić, Wolfgang Mutter +3 more
The CD8+ effector cells raised in the CD4 subset- deficient host were able of clear vital tissues from productive infection and to restrict asymptomatic, persistent infection to acinar glandular epithelial cells in salivary gland tissue.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyInhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis.
1,787 Citations1988Fritz Strack, Leonard L. Martin +1 more
The hypothesis that people's facial activity influences their affective responses was investigated by having subjects hold a pen in their mouth in ways that either inhibited or facilitated the muscles typically associated with smiling without requiring subjects to pose in a smiling face.
Cognition & EmotionTowards a Cognitive Theory of Emotions
1,733 Citations1987Keith Oatley, P. N. Johnson‐Laird
Cambridge University Press eBooksThe Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
1,353 Citations2013Charles Darwin
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyUniversals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion.
1,264 Citations1987Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen +3 more
ScienceAffective Discrimination of Stimuli That Cannot Be Recognized
1,199 Citations1980William Raft Kunst-Wilson, Robert B. Zajonc
Experimental evidence is presented that these preferences can develop even when the exposures are so degraded that recognition is precluded and animal and human subjects readily develop strong preferences for objects that have become familiar through repeated exposures.
Psychosomatic MedicineThe Physiological Differentiation between Fear and Anger in Humans
891 Citations1953Albert F. Ax
The patterns obtained for anger and fear argue against the Arnold proposal that anger is a strong reaction of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous systems, whereas fear is but a sympathetic reaction.
Cognition & EmotionThe Relationship of Emotion to Cognition: A Functional Approach to a Semantic Controversy
812 Citations1987Howard Leventhal, Klaus R. Scherer
Annual Review of PsychologyFacial Efference and the Experience of Emotion
685 Citations1989Pamela K. Adelmann, Robert B. Zajonc
The aim of this book is to provide a Discussion of the Literature on Facial Feedback and its Applications in Therapy and the Foundations of Emotional Experience.
Temperature and Life
561 Citations1973H. Precht, J. Christophersen +2 more
Cognition & EmotionA Theory of Emotion, and its Application to Understanding the Neural Basis of Emotion
421 Citations1990Edmund T. Rolls
The amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex are seen to be of great importance for emotions, in that they are involved respectively in the elicitation of learned emotional responses, and in the correction or adjustment of these emotion responses.
Mind and body; The theories of their relation.
395 Citations1877Alexander Bain
The functions of the Brain and the Theories of their Relation are studied in detail in the second volume of Nick Wade's Mind and Body, which aims to clarify the role of the nervous system in human health.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyPatterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam.
392 Citations1987Craig A. Smith, Phoebe C. Ellsworth
Correlation and regression analyses indicated that even in the context of these blends, patterns of appraisal, highly similar to those discovered in earlier research on remembered emotions, characterized the experience of emotions as they were actually felt.
NatureHypothermia and intolerance to cold induced by intracisternal administration of the hypothalamic peptide neurotensin
314 Citations1976Garth Bissette, Charles B. Nemeroff +3 more
Using a sensitive and specific radio immunoassay, Carraway and Leeman have demonstrated immunoreactive neurotensin in hypothalamic extracts of rat, mouse, rabbit and human tissue.
Psychological ReviewPrime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion.
296 Citations1985Ross Buck
This article argues that such processes involve phenomena that have been traditionally relegated to the realm of emotion in the major physiological models of motivation, with its taint of subjectivism.
The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation
279 Citations1982Donald W. Pfaff
Motivation is a Unitary Behavioral Concept with Multiple Neurophysiological Mechanisms and some Key Terms Defined.
Annual Review of PhysiologyBrain Cooling in Endotherms in Heat and Exercise
272 Citations1982Mark Baker
The process has been studied most intensively in panting carnivores and artiodactyls in which the structure of the nasal cavity and the arrangement of the blood vessels of the nose and the brain are well-suited for brain cooling.
ScienceEmotion and Facial Efference: A Theory Reclaimed
253 Citations1985Robert B. Zajonc
The theory of emotional expression, developed by Israel Waynbaum, hypothesizes the subjective experience of emotions as following facial expression rather than preceding it, and answers Darwin's question of why different muscles contract or relax in different emotions better than Darwin's own theory.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyNonverbal behavior and the theory of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis.
252 Citations1980Ross Buck
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionAffective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: Effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality.
238 Citations1983John G. Seamon, Nathan Brody +1 more
NeuropsychologiaTaste-elicited changes in facial signs of emotion and the asymmetry of brain electrical activity in human newborns
231 Citations1986Nathan A. Fox, Richard J. Davidson
The findings revealed that the water condition produced reductions in right-hemisphere power in the two higher frequency bands in both the scalp regions compared with the other two conditions, and stimulus-elicited affective asymmetries in brain electrical activity are present at birth.
Journal of Thermal BiologyTympanic temperature is a core temperature in humans
220 Citations1989H. Brinnel, Michel Cabanac
It is suggested that tympanic temperature, when measured accurately, is a good index of core temperature and that its variations may reflect variations in brain temperature.
Journal of Experimental Social PsychologyFacial and autonomic manifestations of the dimensional structure of emotion
218 Citations1984Ward M. Winton, Lois E. Putnam +1 more
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyEffects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal.
214 Citations1976John T. Lanzetta, Jeffrey Cartwright-Smith +1 more
The findings support theories of emotion that assume that expressive responses serve a self-regulatory as well as a social-communicative function, and suggest that the self-regulation is mediated neurally, rather than via a process of self-attribution.
Elsevier eBooksTHE AMYGDALA: SENSORY GATEWAY TO THE EMOTIONS
197 Citations1986John P. Aggleton, Mortimer Mishkin
The anatomical evidence strongly reinforces the view derived from neurobehavioral studies that the striking lack of emotional behavior following amygdalectomy is the consequence of a disconnection of cortically processed sensory information from affective mechanisms centered in the hypothalamus and midbrain.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyThe role of facial response in the experience of emotion.
192 Citations1979Roger Tourangeau, Phoebe C. Ellsworth
Facial expression and emotional stimuli were varied orthogonally in a 3 x 4 factorial design in order to test whether facial expression is necessary or sufficient to influence emotional experience.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyAir pollution, weather, and violent crimes: Concomitant time-series analysis of archival data.
181 Citations1985James Rotton, James H. Frey
It was concluded that atmospheric conditions and violent episodes are not only correlated but also appear to be linked in a causal fashion.
PhoneticaCoarticulation of Upper Lip Protrusion in French
178 Citations1974André-Pierre Benguerel, Helen A. Cowan
Results show that the protrusion movement due to the rounding of the second vowel of a group –VCC ...
European Journal of Applied PhysiologyBlood flow in the emissary veins of the human head during hyperthermia
160 Citations1985M. Cabanac, H. Brinnel
The hypothesis of selective brain cooling in hyperthermic humans by offering a possible mechanism to explain the direction of the blood flowing in the emissary veins is supported.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyThe role of facial response in the experience of emotion: More methodological problems and a meta-analysis.
150 Citations1987David Matsumoto
The effect of facial feedback on emotional experience is less than convincing and the effect size of facial behavior on self-reported mood is actually only of small to moderate value and is most likely an inflated estimate.
The Journal of Experimental MedicineFever and immunoregulation. III. Hyperthermia augments the primary in vitro humoral immune response.
149 Citations1983Henry Jampel, Gordon W. Duff +3 more
The monokine interleukin 1, which is the endogenous mediator of fever, may promote immune responses both through a direct action on lymphocytes, and indirectly by an action on the central nervous system resulting in fever.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologySocial presence, facial feedback, and emotion.
148 Citations1982Robert E. Kraut
The Journal of PhysiologyThe influence of the nasal mucosa and the carotid rete upon hypothalamic temperature in sheep
143 Citations1968Mary Ann Baker, James N. Hayward
In chronically‐prepared sheep, intracranial temperatures were measured in the cavernous sinus among the vessels of the carotid rete and at the circle of Willis extravascularly, and in the preoptic area and in other brain stem regions.
American Journal of Physiology-Legacy ContentBehavioral thermoregulation in response to local cooling of the rat brain
135 Citations1964Evelyn Satinoff
Local cooling of the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area in rats, at environmental temperatures of 5 and 24 C, caused their rectal temperatures to increase as much as 3.1 C, as well as vigorous shaking of the rectum during sexual activity.
Bulletin of the Psychonomic SocietyAffective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: II. Effect of delay between study and test
126 Citations1983John G. Seamon, Nathan Brody +1 more
It is shown that the ability to select target stimuli by affect can occur undiminished over a delay of 1 week between study and test and can serve as the basis for stimulus discrimination in the absence of recognition at the time of test.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyFacial, autonomic, and subjective components of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis versus the externalizer-internalizer distinction.
125 Citations1981Miron Zuckerman, Rafael Klorman +2 more
Higher levels of facial expressiveness were accompanied by higher levels of autonomic activity and subjective reports of affective experience, and this relationship was obtained in comparisons among experimental conditions as well as correlational analyses within conditions.
Social CognitionFuzzy Concepts and the Perception of Emotion in Facial Expressions
122 Citations1986James A. Russell, Merry Bullock
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyAmbient temperature and violent crime: Tests of the linear and curvilinear hypotheses.
121 Citations1984Craig A. Anderson, Dona C. Anderson
Two studies are reported that investigated the relationship between temperature and violent crime and failed to demonstrate the specified curvilinear relationship, and implications for the study of aggression are discussed.
The LaryngoscopeThe Effect of nasal packing on sleep‐disordered breathing and nocturnal oxygen desaturation.
120 Citations1981Vicente Taasan, James W. Wynne +2 more
It is shown that obstruction of the nose by packing causes marked alterations in breathing during sleep in adults.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyConsistency between expressive behavior and the elevation of humorous stimuli: The role of sex and self-observation.
118 Citations1974Gerald C. Cupchik, Howard Leventhal
Journal of Applied PhysiologyEffect of head skin temperature on tympanic and oral temperature in man
111 Citations1975Thomas V. McCaffrey, R. D. McCook +1 more
The findings suggest that tympanic membrane temperature and, to a lesser degree, oral temperature may be affected by thermal exchange occurring between arteries and veins in the cervical and cephalic regions.
The Journal of ImmunologyTemperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity: differential effects of temperature on catfish <i>in vitro</i> antibody responses to thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens.
103 Citations1984N W Miller, L. William Clem
It was observed that some of the low temperature suppression of primary responses to TD antigens could be abrogated by appropriate low temperature in vivo acclimation, supporting the hypothesis that low environmental temperatures immunosuppress fish by virtue of differential inhibitory effects on the generation of carrier-specific helper cells.
American Journal of Physiology-Legacy ContentInteraction of central and peripheral factors in physiological temperature regulation
92 Citations1961Mariella Fusco, J. D. Hardy +1 more
To evaluate the relative importance of central and peripheral factors in physiological temperature regulation, calorimetric measurements of thermal and metabolic responses in the unanesthetized dog are evaluated.
PhysiologyKeeping a Cool Head
83 Citations1986M. Cabanac
The mammalian brain has poor tolerance to increased temperature, but when body core temperature rises during exercise or heat stress, the temperature of the brain can remain at a low level during exercise and under heat stress.
ScienceTemperature Sensitivity of Tone in the Rabbit Facial Vein: Myogenic Mechanism for Cranial Thermoregulation?
76 Citations1980Raymond J. Winquist, John A. Bevan
This area of the vein is proposed to act as a temperature-sensitive sphincter that distributes cooled nasal venous blood between superficial and deep venous drainage systems in the head and neck.
Journal of Applied Social PsychologyAmbient Temperature and Violent Crime<sup>1</sup>
71 Citations1986John L. Cotton
Elsevier eBooksSELECTIVE BRAIN COOLING AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY
71 Citations1981M Caputa
The second mechanism of defense against cerebral overheating, called selective brain cooling (SBC), is utilized extensively under hyperthermic conditions and allows the brain to remain markedly cooler than the rest of the body.
Journal of Applied Social PsychologyHeat and Violence: New Findings from Dallas Field Data, 1980–1981<sup>1</sup>
70 Citations1988Keith D. Harries, Stephen J. Stadler
PeptidesThe effects of stress on central nervous system concentrations of the opioid peptide, dynorphin
66 Citations1982John E. Morley, Michael K. Elson +2 more
Using a highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for dynorphin, the effect of stress on ir-dynorphin levels in the cortex and hypothalamus of the rat is examined to suggest a possible physiological role for dynasty in appetite and temperature regulation.
PsychophysiologyEffects of the Expression of Pain on Autonomic and Pain Tolerance Responses to Subject‐Controlled Pain
57 Citations1977Carl Z. Colby, John T. Lanzetta +1 more
A within-subjects experiment was performed to investigate the effect of various levels of pain expression on autonomic and tolerance responses to electrical shocks which were terminated by the subjects at their tolerance level, and it was found that skin conductance responses to shock are monotonically and positively related to the level of expression.
ScienceBehavioral Regulation of Hypothalamic Temperature
51 Citations1969John Corbit
The rate at which rats work for changes in hypothalamic temperature is proportional to the sum of the weighted displacements of skin and hypothalamic temperatures from their respective neutral values.
The EMBO JournalInternalization and degradation of peptides of the bombesin family in Swiss 3T3 cells occurs without ligand‐induced receptor down‐regulation.
50 Citations1987Ian Zachary, Enrique Rozengurt
While peptides of the bombesin family are rapidly internalized and degraded by Swiss 3T3 cells, the cell surface receptors for these molecules are not down‐regulated, as demonstrated by pretreatment with GRP.
Behavioral NeuroscienceTemperature activation of courtship behavior in the male red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): Role of the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area.
48 Citations1987Randolph W. Krohmer, David Crews
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyEmotional responding following experimental manipulation of facial electromyographic activity.
43 Citations1987Thomas R. McCanne, Judith A. Anderson
Motivation and EmotionThe facial feedback hypothesis: Methodological concerns and new supporting evidence
37 Citations1985Larry L. Rutledge, Ralph B. Hupka
Respiration PhysiologyControl of brain temperature in dogs: effects of tracheostomy
34 Citations1974Mark Baker, L. W. Chapman +1 more
Brain temperature always rose more than carotid arterial temperature during tracheostomy breathing in warm environments, suggesting that carotids arterial blood is cooled on its way to the brain in dogs which are breathing through intact respiratory passages.
Brain ResearchBombesin and somatostatin related peptides: Effects on oxygen consumption
34 Citations1982Marvin R. Brown
ODT8-SS increases VO2 and produces hyperthermia in animals at thermoneutral temperatures and prevents bombesin inhibition of VO2 at low ambient temperatures.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyWeight differences in emotional responsiveness to proprioceptive and pictorial stimuli.
33 Citations1980Leslie A. Zebrowitz, Michael R. Solomon +1 more
Whereas past research employing affectively loaded pictures had found overweight persons to be more emotionally responsive than normals to these external stimuli, no weight differences were obtained in the present studies, which employed less polarized pictures.
Individual Differences in Self-Attribution of Emotion
27 Citations2017James D. Laird, Melvin Crosby
Are There Similarities Between Thermoregulation and Sexual Behavior?
26 Citations1982Evelyn Satinoff
A model for the neural control of thermoregulation derived from data that were not comfortably explained by existing models and led to the idea that the brain is similarly organized for many forms of motivated behaviors.
Brain Mechanisms in Hedonic Processes
26 Citations1982Eliot Stellar
Brain Behavior and EvolutionNeuroevolutionary Mechanisms of Cerebral Asymmetry in Man
24 Citations2008Joseph E. LeDoux
A model of the neural mechanisms of cerebral asymmetry in man in terms of specific adaptations in select neural systems of ancestral primate brains is developed and focuses on the functional organization of the inferior parietal cortex in human and non-human primates.
NeuropharmacologyEffects of centrally-administered bombesin and adrenalectomy on behavioral thermoregulation and locomotor activity
24 Citations1983Mike F. Hawkins
It was concluded that bombesin acts within the hypothalamus to increase general locomotor activity via the sympathetic outflow to the adrenals, and the behavioral data do not indicate thatBombesin decreases the set point of body temperature.
Brain Research BulletinResponsiveness of monkey preoptic thermosensitive neurons to non-thermal emotional stimuli
24 Citations1986Tetsuro Hori, Toshikazu Kiyohara +5 more
The results raise a possibility that preoptic thermosensitive neurons, besides their postulated thermoregulatory functions, might be involved in the response of coordination with thermal and non-thermal emotional behaviors controlled in the hypothalamus.
Canadian Journal of Physiology and PharmacologyThe effect of face fanning during recovery from exercise hyperthermia
21 Citations1987M. Germain, M. Jobin +1 more
Following hyperthermic exercise, face fanning could be helpful in preventing acute cerebral hyperthermia, and the results suggest that followingHyperthermia was induced in nine subjects on two separate occasions by a progressive treadmill run, which resulted in an average esophageal temperature of 39.77 degree C.
PeptidesThermoregulatory (core, surface and metabolic) responses of unrestrained rats to repeated POAH injections of β-endorphin or adrenocorticotropin
20 Citations1984Jim Thornhill, W.S. Saunders
Results suggest that the hyperthermia of unrestrained rats given an acute as opposed to repeated POAH beta-endorphin injections is mediated by different effector mechanisms.
PeptidesThermoregulatory, behavioral and seizure modulatory effects of AVP in the gerbil
16 Citations1983R.J. Lee, Peter Lomax
The data demonstrate that AVP can reduce body temperature and cause specific behaviors, but it does not appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of seizures in the seizure sensitive strain of Mongolian gerbil.
Headache The Journal of Head and Face PainBiofeedback Control of Skin Temperature and Cerebral Blood Flow in Migraine
16 Citations1980Roy J. Mathew, John W. Largen +4 more
Annals of Otology Rhinology & LaryngologyClinical Nasal Obstruction and Objective Respiratory Mode Determination
15 Citations1988Amelia F. Drake, Peter S. Vig +2 more
Nasal resistance was significantly different between the two groups, but percent nasality (that proportion of the total volume of air breathed nasally) was a more consistent and significant finding.
Brain ResearchEffects of intrahypothalamically administered norepinephrine, serotonin and bombesin on thermoregulation in the deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)
14 Citations1986Li‐Hsien Lin, Edward B. Pivorun
Norepinephrine, serotonin, and bombesin administered intrahypothalamically affected thermoregulation in the deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and induced a persistent hyperthermia which persisted for more than 2 h after injection.
BiochemistryEffects of chronic exposure to ethanol on the physical and functional properties of the plasma membrane of S49 lymphoma cells
12 Citations1988Donald C. Bode, Perry B. Molinoff
There were no changes in the density of receptors or in the affinity of beta-adrenergic receptors for agonists or antagonists following chronic exposure to ethanol, and a decrease in adenylate cyclase activity following growth of S49 cells at 40 degrees C was not associated with a change in anisotropy.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorDepression of learned thermoregulatory behavior by central injection of opioids in cats
11 Citations1982W. G. Clark, Gary L. Bernardini
Third cerebral ventricular administration of morphine, pentazocine or the synthetic opioid peptides decreased heat-reinforcement activity and either reduced or did not increase heat-escape activity of cats trained to control thermal stimuli through behavior.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative PhysiologyTemperature sensitivity of the renin-angiotensin system in Ambystoma tigrinum
10 Citations1984Elizabeth J. Corwin, G. M. Malvin +2 more
The existence of a contractile response of Ambystoma vascular smooth muscle to angiotensin II that was blocked by the competitive inhibitor saralasin was demonstrated and was consistent with the hypothesis of a temperature sensitivity of the renal adrenergic system in vivo.
Brain ResearchSkin or hypothalamus cooling: A behavioral choice by rats
9 Citations1984Bassam Dib, M. Cabanac
The results indicate that when rats had either only or by choice access to the lever that cooled their hypothalamus, they used it in such a way as to prevent the hypothalamus from overheating.
Radiation ResearchAlterations in α-Adrenergic and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Binding in Rat Brain Following Nonionizing Radiation
8 Citations1987V. C. Gandhi, Don Ross
Of six brain regions investigated only the hypothalamus showed significant changes in receptor states, confirming its pivotal role in thermoregulation, and the continued elevated binding during the period of cooling after radiation was shut off may suggest the existence of an extra-hypothalamic heat-loss pathway.
NeuropharmacologyPinealectomy modifies the thermoregulatory effects of bombesin in goldfish
7 Citations1982Martin Kavaliers
Intraventricular administration of the neuropeptide, bombesin, to intact and sham-pinealectomized fish significantly decreased their behaviorally selected internal body temperatures in horizontal thermal gradients and increased the body temperatures of all control fish while markedly reducing the hypothermic effects.
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryRespiration characteristics in subjects diagnosed as having nasal obstruction
3 Citations1988Peter M. Spalding, Peter S. Vig
The traditional diagnostic terms "mouth breathing" or "nasal obstruction" are not useful because they do not describe the type, location, or severity of an obstruction or the relative contribution of the nose and mouth to respiration.
Acta Physiologica ScandinavicaTemperature effects on catecholamine accumulation in neuronal and extraneuronal compartments in the cod spleen
3 Citations1986A.‐L. Ungell
There are strong indications that adrenaline and noradrenaline not only accumulate differently from each other in the adrenergic neurons of the cod spleen, but also that the adrenaline uptake mechanism neuronally might resemble the characteristic mammalian catecholamine uptake while norad Renaline seems to accumulate by a more primitive mechanism, not sensitive to a reduction in temperature.
…
