Interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsPublished 15 January 2005
Lindsay F Stead, Tim Lancaster
Citations148
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SJR score1.62
SNIP2.04
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TL;DR
Interventions with retailers can lead to large decreases in the number of outlets selling tobacco to youths, however, few of the communities studied in this review achieved sustained levels of high compliance, and there is limited evidence for an effect of intervention on youth perception of ease of access to tobacco, and on smoking behaviour.
Abstract
Interventions with retailers can lead to large decreases in the number of outlets selling tobacco to youths. However, few of the communities studied in this review achieved sustained levels of high compliance. This may explain why there is limited evidence for an effect of intervention on youth perception of ease of access to tobacco, and on smoking behaviour.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicine
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148 Citations2005Lindsay F Stead, Tim Lancaster
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Education alone had a limited effect on reducing illegal tobacco sales to minors; it did promote community support for more aggressive enforcement strategies and vending machine sales were unaffected by these interventions.
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The proportion of over-the-counter sales to minors at the 1-year follow-up illustrated that although statistically significant reductions were maintained 6 months after the intervention ended, recidivism occurred.
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90 Citations1992Jean L. Forster, Mary Hourigan +1 more
The results show that minors can purchase cigarettes in all types of businesses, even those characterized as "adult" locations, and support stringent and universal controls over the sale of cigarettes as an essential part of any tobacco use prevention strategy.
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86 Citations2003Steven B. Pokorny, Leonard A. Jason +1 more
Examining individual, social, and environmental factors simultaneously provides a clearer and more accurate model of these complex ecological influences and indicates higher levels of retail tobacco availability were associated with increased odds that a youth initiated smoking but not continued smoking.
Tobacco ControlA systematic review of interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors
82 Citations2000LF Stead
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80 Citations1992Hinds Mw
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Stricter enforcement of tobacco access laws is needed to support other community and school efforts to reduce tobacco use among youth and effective interventions to reduce non-commercial sources of tobacco, including social, need to be developed and implemented.
Journal of Adolescent HealthAdolescentsʼ acquisition of cigarettes through noncommercial sources
74 Citations2002Brian C. Castrucci, Karen K. Gerlach +2 more
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It is found that a request for age verification strongly predicted compliance with the law and the results suggest several ways in which the process of compliance checks might be optimized.
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71 Citations1996Leonard A. Jason, William Billows +2 more
Cigarette control laws that regularly enforce civil penalties for tobacco sales violations can successfully reduce minors' access to cigarettes.
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71 Citations1997Jean L. Forster, Mark Wolfson +3 more
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68 Citations1999Michael Siegel, Lois Biener +1 more
Local tobacco sales laws are associated with reduced rates of adolescent smoking initiation, but in this setting, this effect did not appear to be mediated through reduced access to cigarettes.
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Mobilizing socia and material reinforcement for stores not selling tobacco to young people is a viable means of reducing such sales, and may be especially valuable in communities where laws against sales to minors go unenforced.
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62 Citations1992Joseph R. DiFranza, Laura Brown
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Minors appear to have easy access to cigarettes via the Internet because many Internet vendors have weak or nonexistent age verification procedures, according to a study conducted in April-July 2001.
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Mobilising social and mental reinforcement for stores not selling tobacco to young people is a viable means of reducing such sales and may be especially valuable in communities where laws against sales to minors are inadequate or unenforced.
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A simulation model predicts that a well designed and comprehensive policy that includes sufficient compliance checks, penalties, and community involvement has the potential to reduce the number of young smokers.
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Legislation appears to have permanently changed tobacco sales practices and decreased purchases from commercial sources and social sources need to be taken into account when controlling access to tobacco.
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55 Citations1998
To determine the prevalence of selected cigarette smoking initiation and quitting behaviors among youth, CDC analyzed data from the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).
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A trend toward less commercial access to cigarettes accompanied by an increase in social access may translate to youth being less likely to progress to heavier smoking.
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53 Citations2003K. Michael Cummings, Andrew Hyland +2 more
Achieving a high rate of retailer compliance with a minors' access law appears to have caused youths to rely more on noncommercial sources of cigarettes and may have had a small effect on adolescent smoking prevalence, especially frequent smoking.
American Journal of Public HealthEvaluation of an enforcement program to reduce tobacco sales to minors.
52 Citations1998K. Michael Cummings, Andrew Hyland +4 more
Active compliance checking of retail outlets as a strategy to reduce illegal tobacco sales to minors may only be necessary insofar as it contributes to an increase in retailers' perception that the threat of enforcement is real.
American Journal of Public HealthLaying down the law: reducing illegal tobacco sales to minors in central Harlem.
51 Citations1998Donald H. Gemson, Harmon Moats +4 more
Effective reduction of tobacco sales to minors may require ongoing enforcement measures, including fines for retailers who violate state and local laws.
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51 Citations2004Chris Dent, Anthony Biglan
There appears to be a relatively small positive linear relation between the community rate of sales to minors and 11th grade youth smoking prevalence in those communities.
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Factors for smoking and not smoking in a large sample of 13-year-olds from the general population found that "Friends" as a reason for smoking showed a small degree of consistency across age, whereas reasons involving relaxation and pleasure showed a relatively higher level of consistency.
Journal of Community HealthA baseline assessment of cigarette sales to minors in San Diego, California
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An enforcement program to halt the sale of tobacco to youths in the United States could save 10 times as many lives as the same amount spent on mammography or screening for colorectal carcinoma.
Tobacco ControlEffect of a retailer intervention on cigarette sales to minors in San Diego County, California
43 Citations1993D. K. Keay, Susan I. Woodruff +2 more
An intensive retailer educational programme can have a sig nificant effect in reducing the illegal sales rate of cigarettes to minors.
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Tobacco ControlIs the standard compliance check protocol a valid measure of the accessibility of tobacco to underage smokers?
42 Citations2001Joseph R. DiFranza, Judith A. Savageau +1 more
Commonly used compliance check protocols are too artificial to reflect accurately the experience of underage smokers and should be improved by having youths present ID, and by employing either tobacco users, or non-tobacco users who are sufficiently experienced to mimic the self confidence exhibited by tobacco users in this situation.
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41 Citations1995James F. Mosher
This article reviews the research and documents the industries' efforts to redirect public policy to blame the young person rather than the merchant for the problem of youth access to alcohol and tobacco.
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32 Citations1995Marianne B. Wildey, Susan I. Woodruff +2 more
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Australian Journal of Public HealthEffects of publicity and a warning letter on illegal cigarette sales to minors
30 Citations1994Simon Chapman, Madeleine King +4 more
Because of inconsistencies in selling or refusals, future attempts to measure selling rates to children should use repeat purchasing attempts and classify outlets as 'selling', 'not selling' or 'sometimes selling'.
Australian Journal of Public HealthAvailability of cigarettes to minors
28 Citations1992Rob Sanson‐Fisher, Margot J. Schofield +1 more
Two studies examined the retail industry's adherence to the sales ban in two regions of New South Wales in 1990 to suggest that legislation banning sales of cigarettes to minors requires strong enforcement procedures to be effective.
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25 Citations2001Grace Xueqin, Steve Shive +1 more
Analysis indicates that there was a reduction in tobacco sales to minors after implementation of enforcement; sales dropped from 85% in 1994 to 43% in 1998.
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This video explains how smoking by adolescents has been identified as a major public health issue and how raising the legal age of cigarette purchase from 16 to 18 years has attempted to address the issue by restricting adolescents?
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The experience in implementing Project SCAN is described including strategies used to recruit volunteers to deliver merchant education materials, reaction of merchants to the program, and the involvement of local police departments in enforcement efforts.
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Adult influences, including parental factors, may predispose a young adolescent to smoke.
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There was no significant national progress toward reducing the availability of tobacco to youths and inadequate resources devoted to enforcement and reliance on merchant education in lieu of bona fide law enforcement.
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19 Citations2002J. Alison Bryant, M J Cody +1 more
Although underage smokers can easily purchase cigarettes online using money orders, access to these sites can be largely blocked if appropriate filtering devices are installed.
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19 Citations2000Fadi Hammal, C Edwards +2 more
This study suggests that initial high retail compliance will affect 12 and 13 year old smoking rates, but will only produce substantial effects up to the 17 year age group if the compliance rate is maintained for a number of years.
American Journal of Preventive MedicineLaws Prohibiting the Sale of Tobacco to Minors
18 Citations2006Jean‐François Etter
Youth access laws are ineffective and are not based on sound science, as they shift responsibility from retailers to youth, criminalizing young smokers.
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18 Citations2003Michael Staff, Catherine Bennett +1 more
There was no reduction in adolescent smoking with active enforcement of tobacco access laws despite an apparent increase in students who reported never to have smoked, although there was no significant association with being a current smoker.
American Journal of Health PromotionEffect of a Brief Retailer Intervention to Reduce the Sale of Single Cigarettes
17 Citations1995Susan I. Woodruff, Marianne B. Wildey +2 more
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17 Citations1994Abernathy Tj
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17 Citations1985Jennie Naidoo, Cecilia Platts
An account is given of smoking prevention initiatives undertaken by two members of the health education service in Avon over the last four years and the diversity, practicality and effectiveness is emphasised.
Health Promotion PracticeYouth Tobacco Access Restrictions: Time to Shift Resources to Other Interventions?
17 Citations2007Michael J. Craig, Neil W. Boris
The authors' analysis reveals that youth tobacco access restriction is likely to remain a failed strategy to control tobacco use in the United States.
European Journal of Public HealthDoes a minimum-age law for purchasing tobacco make any difference? Swedish experiences over eight years
16 Citations2006Mona Sundh, Curt Hagquist
The study shows that the minimum-age law for the purchase of tobacco has had an effect on adolescents' opportunities for purchasing tobacco and that compliance has improved since its introduction in 1997 and indicates avenues for further improving compliance with the age-limit law.
Preventive MedicineReducing minors' access to tobacco: Eight years' experience in Hawaii
15 Citations2006Karen Glanz, Amos D. Jarrette +3 more
Findings suggest that surveillance, education, and enforcement efforts in Hawaii have been successful at making substantial reductions in noncompliance rates.
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15 Citations2003Joseph R. DiFranza
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15 Citations1997Dovell Ra, Mowat Dl +2 more
Changes over a three-year period among Ontario retailers selling cigarettes to minors have been unprecedented, except when active enforcement was implemented by police officers, and it is important to understand what is influencing the store operators.
Tobacco ControlThe availability of cigarettes to minors in Perth, Western Australia
15 Citations1995S. George Carruthers, Christine M. McDonald
Legislation controlling the sale of cigarettes to minors is not suf ficient to restrict the availability of cig arettes to this group and additional strate gies are required to supplement the legis lation and to encourage retailers to com ply with the legislation.
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15 Citations2005Helen Darling, Anthony I. Reeder +2 more
It would be appropriate to use at least some of the revenue from under-age sales to fund health promotion programmes to reduce tobacco smoking and other health-compromising behaviours among youth.
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15 Citations2007Curt Hagquist, Mona Sundh +1 more
Analysis of changes in smoking habits among adolescents in three regions of Sweden following the introduction in 1997 of a law prohibiting sales of tobacco to persons under 18 years suggests that the regional differences described may at least in part be due to differences in the availability of cigarettes.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public HealthInterventions with retailers to reduce cigarette sales to minors: a randomised controlled trial
13 Citations1997Margot J. Schofield, Rob Sanson‐Fisher +1 more
The finding of a pretest–to–post–test improvement but no differential intervention effect highlights the methodological difficulties of such research.
Journal of Public Health Management and PracticeStatewide Evaluation of Youth Access Ordinances in Practice
13 Citations2004Carey C. Thomson, Manjusha Gokhale +3 more
This study found no consistent associations between community-level youth access ordinances and adolescents' perceived access to tobacco, purchase attempts, or smoking prevalence.
BMJTest sales do not have impact on prevalence of smoking by children
13 Citations1997Mark Bagott, C. Jordan +2 more
The office of trading standards in Liverpool suggests that it is possible to reduce cigarette sales to minors from 100% to 3% on the basis of test sales in which a child is recruited to attempt to purchase cigarettes while being observed covertly by a trading standards officer.
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13 Citations1999Murray Laugesen, Robert Scragg
These results indicate major changes in cigarette purchasing behaviour between 1992 and 1997, when there was increased enforcement against underage sales of tobacco.
Preventive MedicineReducing underage cigarette sales in an isolated community: The effect on adolescent cigarette supplies
12 Citations2007Arnold H. Levinson, Theresa Mickiewicz
Isolated rural communities can reduce adolescent cigarette supplies by conducting consistent enforcement against retail cigarette sales to minors by reducing these sales, and previous research suggests that reducingThese sales may help reduce adolescent smoking.
Preventive MedicineSociocultural Variables in Youth Access to Tobacco: Replication 5 Years Later
12 Citations2000Hope Landrine, Elizabeth A. Klonoff +2 more
Before concluding that sociocultural variables must be addressed in merchant intervention programs designed to reduce youth access to tobacco, this study must be replicated, particularly in light of the significant decreases in youth access in the past 5 years.
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11 Citations2001Alice M. Teall, Margaret C. Graham
Self-service displays provide increased availability of tobacco to teens and teen smoking and youth access to tobacco could be limited by legislation and policies to restrict retailer use of self- service displays.
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11 Citations1998Sean R. McDermott, Karen L. Scott +1 more
It is suggested that minors can easily purchase cigarettes in suburban Cook County and the education intervention had a limited but promising effect on compliance rates of the vendors.
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