Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in later life
British Medical BulletinPublished 1 January 1997
David J.P. Barker
Citations372
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score2.01
SNIP2.68
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
Recent finding suggest that many fetuses have to adapt to a limited supply of nutrients and in doing so they permanently change their physiology and metabolism. These 'programmed' changes may be the origins of a number of diseases in life, including coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, diabetes and hypertension.
Keywords
Medicine
International Journal of EpidemiologySick individuals and sick populations
3,653 Citations2001Geoffrey Rose
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.
BMJFetal origins of coronary heart disease
3,540 Citations1995D.J.P. Barker
The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation, which leads to disproportionate fetal growth, programmes later coronary heart disease.
The LancetINFANT MORTALITY, CHILDHOOD NUTRITION, AND ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE IN ENGLAND AND WALES
2,871 Citations1986David J.P. Barker
Although the rise in ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales has been associated with increasing prosperity, mortality rates are highest in the least affluent areas.
The LancetFetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life
2,747 Citations1993David J.P. Barker, Keith M. Godfrey +4 more
This paper shows how fetal undernutrition at different stages of gestation can be linked to these patterns of early growth in babies who are small at birth or during infancy.
BMJFetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64.
2,735 Citations1991C. N. Hales, David J. Barker +5 more
Reduced growth in early life is strongly linked with impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin dependent diabetes and reduced early growth is also related to a raised plasma concentration of 32-33 split proinsulin, which is interpreted as a sign of beta cell dysfunction.
DiabetologiaType 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth
2,486 Citations1993David J. Barker, C. N. Hales +4 more
It is concluded that Type 2 diabetes and hypertension have a common origin in sub-optimal development in utero, and that syndrome X should perhaps be re-named “the small-baby syndrome”.
BMJGrowth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease.
2,416 Citations1989D.J.P. Barker, Clive Osmond +3 more
In national samples of 10 year olds and adults in Britain systolic blood pressure was inversely related to birth weight, which suggests that the intrauterine environment influences blood pressure during adult life.
BMJFetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life.
1,731 Citations1990David J. Barker, A R Bull +2 more
Findings show for the first time that the intrauterine environment has an important effect on blood pressure and hypertension in adults, and discordance between placental and fetal size may lead to circulatory adaptation in the fetus, altered arterial structure in the child, and hypertensionIn adults.
NatureA growth-deficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting
1,652 Citations1990Thomas M. DeChiara, Argiris Efstratiadis +1 more
Germ-line transmission of the inactivated IGF-II gene from male chimaeras yielded heterozygous progeny that were smaller than their ES cell-derived wild-type littermates (about 60% of normal body weight) and these growth-deficient animals were otherwise apparently normal and fertile.
The LancetGlucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine
1,589 Citations1998Anita C.J. Ravelli, Jan van der Meulen +5 more
Prenatal exposure to famine is linked to decreased glucose tolerance in adults, and poor nutrition in utero may lead to permanent changes in insulin-glucose metabolism, even if the effect on fetal growth is small.
Novartis Foundation symposiumProgramming by Early Nutrition in Man
907 Citations2007Alan Lucas
A large prospective randomized multicentre study has been undertaken on 926 preterm infants to test the hypothesis that early diet influences long-term outcome, and implies that the neonatal period is critical for nutrition after preterm birth.
BMJEarly growth and death from cardiovascular disease in women.
823 Citations1993Clive Osmond, D J Barker +3 more
Relations between cardiovascular disease and birth weight are similar in men and women, and in men cardiovascular disease is also related to weight gain in infancy.
BMJBirth weight and risk of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of women followed up since 1976
823 Citations1997Janet W. Rich‐Edwards, Meir J. Stampfer +6 more
Birth weight and the risk of non-fatal cardiovascular disease is also inversely associated in adult women for both coronary heart disease and stroke, driven by the 13% of women born at the extremes of birth weight.
BMJReduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29
812 Citations1998David A. Leon, Hans Lithell +6 more
This study provides by far the most persuasive evidence of a real association between size at birth and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in men, which cannot be explained by methodological artefact or socioeconomic confounding and strongly suggests that it is variation in fetal growth rate rather thansize at birth that is aetiologically important.
BMJRelation of size at birth to non-insulin dependent diabetes and insulin concentrations in men aged 50-60 years
731 Citations1996Hans Lithell, P. M. McKeigue +4 more
It is confirmed that reduced fetal growth is associated with increased risk of diabetes and suggest a specific association with thinness at birth and this relation seems to be mediated through insulin resistance rather than through impaired β cell function and to depend on an interaction with obesity in adult life.
Journal of HypertensionIs blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systematic review of the literature
729 Citations1996Catherine Law, Alistair W. Shiell
Blood pressure is inversely related to birth weight in children and in adults and the positive results in neonates and the inconsistency in adolescence may be related to the unusual growth dynamics during these phases of growth.
BMJThe relation of small head circumference and thinness at birth to death from cardiovascular disease in adult life.
709 Citations1993D J Barker, Clive Osmond +2 more
Findings show that reduced fetal growth is followed by increased mortality from cardiovascular disease, and suggest that reduction in growth begins early in gestation, further evidence that cardiovascular disease originates through programming of the body's structure, physiology, and metabolism by the environment during fetal life.
DiabetologiaThinness at birth and insulin resistance in adult life
708 Citations1994David I. W. Phillips, David J.P. Barker +3 more
It is concluded that insulin resistance is associated with impaired development in fetal life and men and women who were thin at birth, as measured by a low ponderal index, were more insulin resistant.
BMJBirth weight and non-insulin dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype?
694 Citations1994David R. McCance, David J. Pettitt +4 more
The relation of the prevalence of diabetes to birth weight in the Pima Indians is U shaped and is related to parental diabetes, and low birth weight is associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Clinical ScienceIncreased Systolic Blood Pressure in Adult Rats Induced by Fetal Exposure to Maternal Low Protein Diets
686 Citations1994Simon C. Langley‐Evans, Alan A. Jackson
Pregnant rats demonstrated a graded response to the diets, with those fed 9 and 6% protein tending to consume less energy and gain less weight than 18% protein fed controls, and an inverse relationship between maternal protein intake and the systolic blood pressure of the offspring was observed.
Biology of the NeonateEffect of a Low Protein Diet during Pregnancy on the Fetal Rat Endocrine Pancreas
651 Citations2009Anne Snoeck, Claude Remacle +2 more
Two different morphometric analyses showed that in the LP neonate B-cell proliferation and islet size were reduced in the head of the pancreas and in the pancreatic tail, these parameters were also decreased but to a lesser extend.
BMJInitiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification throughout life.
648 Citations1993Catherine Law, Michael de Swiet +5 more
Essential hypertension is initiated in fetal life and a raised blood pressure is then amplified from infancy to old age, perhaps by a positive feedback mechanism.
HeartSocial class and coronary heart disease.
647 Citations1981G Rose, Michael Marmot
It seems that there are major risk factors yet to be identified, and that these may throw light on how it is possible for members of a highly-placed social group to have a relatively low risk of coronary heart disease.
BMJGrowth in utero and serum cholesterol concentrations in adult life.
634 Citations1993David J. Barker, C N Martyn +3 more
Raised serum cholesterol concentrations in adult life are associated with impaired growth during late gestation, when fetal undernutrition has a disproportionate effect on liver growth, which may permanently alter low density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism.
BMJMaternal nutrition in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental and fetal growth
614 Citations1996Keith M. Godfrey, Siân Robinson +3 more
It is suggested that a high carbohydrate intake in early pregnancy suppresses placental growth, especially if combined with a low dairy protein intake in late pregnancy, which could have long term consequences for the offspring's risk of cardiovascular disease.
The LancetFetal growth and coronary heart disease in South India
608 Citations1996CE Stein, CHD Fall +4 more
In India, as in the UK, coronary heart disease is associated with small size at birth, suggesting that its pathogenesis is influenced by events in utero.
The LancetDysfunction of placental glucocorticoid barrier: link between fetal environment and adult hypertension?
552 Citations1993Christopher R.W. Edwards, Rafn Benediktsson +2 more
The lifetime risk of common disorders may be partly determined by the intrauterine environment, supported by findings that in rats decreased activity of the enzyme that acts as a placental barrier to maternal glucocorticoids is associated with low birthweight.
DiabetologiaBirthweight and adult health outcomes in a biethnic population in the USA
523 Citations1994Rodolfo Valdéz, M. A. Athens +3 more
Low birthweight could be a major independent risk factor for the development of adult chronic conditions commonly associated with insulin resistance in the general population.
The LancetBirthweight, body-mass index in middle age, and incident coronary heart disease
514 Citations1996Stephen Frankel, P C Elwood +3 more
There is an important interaction between birthweight and BMI such that the increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with low birthweight is restricted to people who have high BMI in adulthood.
BMJMother's weight in pregnancy and coronary heart disease in a cohort of finnish men: follow up study
455 Citations1997Tom Forsén, Johan G. Eriksson +4 more
Findings suggest a new explanation for the epidemics of coronary heart disease that accompany Westernisation, as Chronically malnourished women are short and light and their babies tend to be thin and nutrition improves in populations at an intermediatestage between chronic malnutrition and adequate nutrition.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciencesThe maternal effects on growth and conformation in shire horse-shetland pony crosses
452 Citations1938Arthur Walton, F. R. S. John Hammond
It is justifiable to assume, on the basis of much genetical experimentation on size inheritance, that a large number of factors would be involved, that segregation and recombination would be at random, and that the off spring of the two breeds would be genetically intermediate, irrespective of which way the cross was made.
The LancetImpaired synthesis of elastin in walls of aorta and large conduit arteries during early development as an initiating event in pathogenesis of systemic hypertension
393 Citations1997CN Martyn, Stephen E. Greenwald
It is argued that, in fetuses whose growth is impaired, synthesis of elastin in the walls of the aorta and large arteries may be deficient, and that this deficiency would lead to permanent changes in the mechanical properties of these vessels.
The LancetMothers' pelvic size, fetal growth, and death from stroke and coronary heart disease in men in the UK
387 Citations1996CN Martyn, DJP Barker +1 more
Stroke may originate in poor nutrition during the mother's childhood, which deforms the bony pelvis and subsequently impairs her ability to sustain the growth of the placenta and fetus in late pregnancy, leading to the hypothesis that the disease is programmed in fetal life.
TheriogenologyThe production of unusually large offspring following embryo manipulation: Concepts and challenges
374 Citations1996S.K. Walker, K.M. Hartwich +1 more
The production of large offspring after embryo manipulation casts new perspectives on the roles of reproductive technology in both livestock and human reproduction and an understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms should lead to improved procedures for the handling and manipulation of embryos.
HeartGrowth in utero, adult blood pressure, and arterial compliance.
367 Citations1995C N Martyn, D.J.P. Barker +4 more
Impairment of fetal growth is associated with raised blood pressure in adult life and decreased compliance in the conduit arteries of the trunk and legs.
The LancetEvidence of prenatal influences on breast cancer risk
352 Citations1992Anders Ekbom, H-O Adami +3 more
Pregnant women born at Uppsala University Hospital between 1874 and 1954 were linked with records of invasive breast cancer cases, identified through their unique national registration numbers in the Swedish Cancer Registry during 1958-90 to assess the relation between breast cancer risk and indicators of pregnancy oestrogen concentrations.
BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyDiet in pregnancy and the offspring's blood pressure 40 years later
347 Citations1996Doris M. Campbell, M. H. Hall +4 more
To determine how diet of the mother in pregnancy influences the blood pressure of the offspring in adult life, a large number of animals were randomly selected to study pregnant women and their diets.
Biochemical Society TransactionsFishing in the Stream of Diabetes: From Measuring Insulin to the Control of Fetal Organogenesis
300 Citations1996C. N. Hales, Mina Desai +2 more
The measurement of insulin Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) shows the close interlocking of the regulation of glucose and insulin metabolism: insulin deficiency leads to insulin resistance and conversely hyperglycaemia is detrimental to insulin secretion.
PEDIATRICSHeterogeneous Growth and Mental Development of Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Infants During the First 3 Years of Life
276 Citations1984José Villar, Vincent L. Smeriglio +3 more
It is concluded that infants with IUGR tend to follow postnatal growth and developmental patterns that are associated with their physical characteristics at birth.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciencesReview lecture - The determinants of growth and form
273 Citations1974R. A. McCance, Elsie M. Widdowson
The interactions of time and the environment on the growth of animals and of their organs are complex and theories that have been formulated are discussed, but none of those yet put forward explain all the facts that can be demonstrated experimentally.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodMaternal and fetal influences on blood pressure.
269 Citations1991Catherine Law, D J Barker +2 more
Patterns of placental weight, birth weight, head circumference, and length that are associated with high blood pressure in adults are also associated with higherBlood pressure in 4 year old children.
Diabetic MedicineSize at birth, maternal weight, and Type 2 diabetes in South India
263 Citations1998Caroline Fall, Cláudia Stein +5 more
It is speculated that the rise in Type 2 diabetes in Indian urban populations may have been triggered by mild obesity in mothers, leading to glucose intolerance during pregnancy, macrosomic changes in the fetus, and insulin deficiency in adult life.
BMJRelation of fetal and infant growth to plasma fibrinogen and factor VII concentrations in adult life.
251 Citations1992D.J.P. Barker, T W Meade +5 more
Reduced growth in fetal life and infancy is strongly related to high plasma concentrations of the haemostatic factors fibrinogen and factor VII, which may be a persisting response to impaired liver development during a critical early period.
BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyIntergenerational studies of human birthweight from the 1958 birth cohort. 1. Evidence for a multigenerational effect
234 Citations1992Irvin Emanuel, H Filakti +2 more
Research to investigate possible multigenerational influences on birthweight and the role of mitochondria, a type of “spatially aggregating” substance, has been linked to birthweight in women.
Early Human DevelopmentBirth weight: nature or nurture?
233 Citations1995A.A. Brooks, Mark R. Johnson +3 more
It is concluded that the environment provided by the human mother is more important than her genetic contribution to birth weight.
Reproduction Fertility and DevelopmentNutrition and fetal growth
232 Citations1995Jane E. Harding, Barbara M. Johnston
Annals of Human GeneticsTHE INHERITANCE OF HUMAN BIRTH WEIGHT*
220 Citations1955By NEWTON E. MORTON
No significant effect of inbreeding was observed on the variance of birth weight or the correlation between sibs, but inbreeding of the foetus did appear to affect mean birth weight, 10% inbreeding being estimated to decrease birth weight by about 4·3 decagrams.
Biochemical Society TransactionsAdult glucose and lipid metabolism may be programmed during fetal life
210 Citations1995Mina Desai, Nigel J. Crowther +3 more
BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyMaternal birthweight and diet in pregnancy in relation to the infant's thinness at birth
178 Citations1997Keith M. Godfrey, David J.P. Barker +2 more
To examine how maternal diet in pregnancy and parental body size and birthweight influence an infant's thinness at birth measured by a low ponderal index, a large number of studies have looked at this topic.
ReproductionEnhanced fetal growth in sheep administered progesterone during the first three days of pregnancy
176 Citations1994David O. Kleemann, S.K. Walker +1 more
Fetal growth was greater in all treatment groups than in the control group, and was greatest when treatments started on day 1, while pregnancy rate was not affected by progesterone treatment on days 3-6, but was reduced when treatment began on day1.
PubMedThe role of insulin in prenatal growth.
159 Citations1989Abigail L. Fowden
Mise en evidence de la preponderance de l'insuline dans le developpement et la croissance normale du foetus humain, dans the regulation de la composition corporelle, de the croissance du squelette et des tissus foetaux.
Acta PaediatricaThe fetal origins of coronary heart disease
158 Citations1997DJP Barker
Animal studies have shown that undernutrition before birth programmes persisting changes in a range of metabolic, physiological and structural parameters are persisting and humans are beginning to understand something of the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Journal of HypertensionLow birth weight is associated with elevated systolic blood pressure in adolescence
153 Citations1997Peter M. Nilsson, Per‐Olof Östergren +3 more
Birth weight was inversely associated with SBP in a large cohort of young men in their late teens, supporting the notion of a programming effect of fetal growth retardation in utero on haemodynamic regulation in early adult life.
BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyPLACENTAL HYPERTROPHY IN SEVERE PREGNANCY ANAEMIA*
152 Citations1970Norman A. Beischer, R. Sivasamboo +3 more
A prospective combined study of consecutive patients with severe pregnancy anaemia was performed in five countries and the important finding was that placental hypertrophy was associated with maternal anaemia in all centres.
DiabetesPersistent Impairment of Insulin Secretory Response to Glucose in Adult Rats After Limited Period of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition Early in Life
132 Citations1987Ingemar Swenne, C. J. Crace +1 more
It is concluded that protein-calorie malnutrition early in life persistently impairs the insulin secretion, and the persistently lowered protein/DNA ratios in many tissues may be related to this lowered capacity for insulin secretion.
British Journal Of NutritionThe effect of rehabilitation at different stages of development of rats marginally malnourished for ten to twelve generations
122 Citations1980R. J. C. Stewart, Hilda Sheppard +2 more
In a test designed to evaluate learning ability rehabilitated rats of groups P and F were significantly less successful than normal rats, but more successful than rats of group W or rats of the original undernourished colony.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodDo maternal and intrauterine factors influence blood pressure in childhood?
115 Citations1992Peter H. Whincup, Derek G. Cook +1 more
Maternal age, height, and body mass index were all positively related to blood pressure in childhood but these relationships were abolished once the child's body build was taken into account, suggesting a postnatal rather than a prenatal origin.
BMJPerinatal characteristics in relation to incidence of and mortality from prostate cancer
114 Citations1996Anders Ekbom, Chung‐Cheng Hsieh +5 more
Pre-eclampsia and prematurity were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer and ponderal index was associated with an increased risk of mortality from prostate cancer Prenatal exposures that are likely correlates of pregnancy hormones and other growth factors seem to be of importance in the prostate carcinogenesis.
The Journal of Agricultural ScienceMaternal undernutrition during mid-pregnancy in sheep: variable effects on placental growth
113 Citations1992G. J. McCrabb, A. R. Egan +1 more
It is suggested that maternal liveweight, possibly body reserves not quantifiable by condition score, protects and even enhances placental growth during a period of maternal undernutrition.
Reproduction Fertility and DevelopmentPlacental control of fetal growth
107 Citations1995Jeffrey S. Robinson, S Chidzanja +4 more
Variations in the maternal environment and consequent perturbation of the metabolic and endocrine environment of the placenta and fetus are implicated as being responsible for the associations between prenatal growth of the placentala and its fetus and the subsequent risk of adult disease.
HeartBirth weight, weight at one year, and left ventricular mass in adult life.
107 Citations1995M Vijayakumar, Caroline Fall +2 more
Low weight at 1 year is associated with concentric enlargement of the left ventricle in adult life, consistent with a previous finding of higher mortality from cardiovascular disease in men of low weight at1 year, and provides further evidence that cardiovascular disease may be partly programmed in early life.
Obstetrics and GynecologyWeight Gain in Pregnancy, Triceps Skinfold Thickness, and Blood Pressure in Offspring
105 Citations1998P. Clark
It is suggested that fetal adaptations to poor maternal nutrition lead to elevated BP in childhood but adequate maternal weight gain during pregnancy may protect against this.
PubMedSecond-generation consequences of small-for-dates birth.
95 Citations1989Mark A. Klebanoff, Olav Meirik +1 more
BMJIs birth weight determined genetically?
91 Citations1987Roy Carr‐Hill, D. M. Campbell +2 more
It is concluded that genetic factors play only a small part in determining birth weight, after standardisation for fetal sex, maternal height, gestational age, and proteinuric pre-eclampsia.
PubMedTrends of mortality from ischaemic heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases in 27 countries, 1968-1977.
88 Citations1982Z Písa, K Uemura
Ischemic heart disease mortality trends in the 27 developed countries for which reasonably reliable statistical data are available in the World Health Organizations data base are reviewed and analysis of these data is presented in relation to mortality from all causes all cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular disease.
BMJAbnormal liver growth in utero and death from coronary heart disease
83 Citations1995D.J.P. Barker, C N Martyn +2 more
A recent study showed that men who had a small abdominal circumference at birth had raised serum concentrations of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and had raised plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, another major risk factor for coronary heart disease that is regulated by the liver.
Journal of Epidemiology & Community HealthDiet and coronary heart disease in England and Wales during and after the second world war.
82 Citations1986D.J.P. Barker, Clive Osmond
This paper re-examines CHD mortality among middle-aged people in England and Wales from 1931 to 1967 and gives no support to the view that compliance with the recommendations on fat, fibre, and sugar will lead, by itself, to an appreciable fall inCHD mortality in middle- aged people.
HypertensionWeights at Birth and in Early Infancy, Systolic Pressure, and Left Ventricular Structure in Subjects Aged 8 to 24 Years
82 Citations1996Mahmoud Zureik, Claire Bonithon‐Kopp +3 more
This study supports the hypothesis that systolic pressure and left ventricular mass might be partly determined during fetal life and early infancy and the mechanisms that underlie the associations of blood pressure andleft ventricular structure with weights at birth and in early infancy should be studied thoroughly.
Early Human DevelopmentIntrauterine feeding of the growth retarded fetus: can we help?
67 Citations1992Jane E. Harding, L. Liu +3 more
Understanding the role of the placenta in this regulation is essential if in the future the authors are to help the growth retarded fetus.
DiabetesHigh Prevalence of Diabetes in Young Adult Ethiopian Immigrants to Israel
64 Citations1988Margo P. Cohen, Ervin Stern +2 more
A high prevalence of diabetes among young adult Ethiopian immigrants of relatively short residency in Israel indicates a profound change in dietary habits since arrival in Israel, with consumption of large amounts of refined carbohydrate in place of spicy stews and injura that had constituted dietary staples in better times in Ethiopia.
DiabetologiaBirthweight and adult health outcomes in a biethnic population in the USA
51 Citations1994Rodolfo Valdéz, M. A. Athens +3 more
PubMedCellular aspects of growth and catch-up growth in the rat: a reevaluation.
50 Citations1986Pitts Gc
The effect of nutritional perturbations upon growth and catch-up growth in mass in the rat have been reevaluated by interpretation of published data and the generalizations arrived at also apply in these cases.
Effects of changes in maternal energy and protein intake during pregnancy, with special reference to fetal growth
44 Citations1989David Rush
The relationship between the diet of the mother and the wellbeing of the fetus and infant continues to be a matter of great importance, uncertainty and controversy.
The LancetWeight gain in infancy and cancer of the ovary
43 Citations1995D. J. P. Barker, P D Winter +3 more
Among 5585 women born in Hertfordshire, UK, 41 who died from ovarian cancer had had a high rate of weight gain in infancy, consistent with the hypothesis that ovarian cancer is linked to altered patterns of gonadotropin release established in utero when the fetal hypothalamus is imprinted.
BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyFetal heart rate and intrauterine growth
40 Citations1991Siân Robinson, Timothy Wheeler +3 more
To assess whether fetal heart rate in early and late pregnancy relates to size at birth, a large number of studies have looked at this topic through the second trimester of pregnancy and found no clear relationship between pregnancy size and heart rate.
The LancetRelation between maternal haemoglobin and placental hormone concentrations in early pregnancy
37 Citations1994T. Wheeler
Examination of the relation between haematological status and plasma concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen in 175 women at about 10 weeks of pregnancy concluded that the observations reflect an influence of the maternal environment on the placenta.
Acta PaediatricaEarly influences on embryonic and placental growth
31 Citations1997J. S. Robinson, KM Hartwich +3 more
Growth of the placenta is influenced by events before and during early pregnancy, including maternal size and nutrition, and the local metabolic, cytokine and hormonal environment of the embryo.
…
