Burnout in Organizational Life
Journal of ManagementPublished 16 July 2004Open access
Jonathon R. B. Halbesleben, M. Ronald Buckley
Citations1,219
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
Burnout is a psychological response to work stress that is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced feelings of personal accomplishment. In this paper, we review the burnout literature from 1993 to present, identifying important trends that have characterized the literature. We focus our attention on theoretical models that explain the process of burnout, the measurement of burnout, means of reducing burnout, and directions for the future of burnout research.
Keywords
PsychologyHealth ProfessionsBusiness, Management and Accounting
Journal of Organizational BehaviorThe measurement of experienced burnout
14,033 Citations1981Christina Maslach, Susan E. Jackson
American Sociological ReviewExchange and Power in Social Life.
13,816 Citations1965Robert Bierstedt, Peter M. Blau
Exchange and Power in Social Life
13,632 Citations2017Peter M. Blau
Annual Review of PsychologyJob Burnout
12,387 Citations2001Christina Maslach, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +1 more
The focus on engagement, the positive antithesis of burnout, promises to yield new perspectives on interventions to alleviate burnout.
Journal of Applied PsychologyThe job demands-resources model of burnout.
11,684 Citations2001Evangelia Demerouti, Arnold B. Bakker +2 more
Results confirmed the 2-factor structure (exhaustion and disengagement) of a new burnout instrument--the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory--and suggested that this structure is essentially invariant across occupational groups.
Journal of Organizational BehaviorJob demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study
9,041 Citations2004Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Arnold B. Bakker
American PsychologistConservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.
8,930 Citations1989Stevan E. Hobfoll
Maslach burnout inventory manual
7,600 Citations1996Christina Maslach, Sue Jackson +1 more
Applied PsychologyThe Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested‐Self in the Stress Process: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory
6,737 Citations2001Stevan E. Hobfoll
Journal of Applied PsychologyA meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout.
3,137 Citations1996Raymond T. Lee, Blake E. Ashforth
This meta-analysis examined how demand and resource correlates and behavioral and attitudinal correlates were related to each of the 3 dimensions of job burnout, finding that emotional exhaustion was more strongly related to the demand correlates than to the resource correlates.
Human Resource ManagementUsing the job demands‐resources model to predict burnout and performance
2,512 Citations2004Arnold B. Bakker, Evangelia Demerouti +1 more
Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and DevelopmentMaslach Burnout Inventory
2,406 Citations1984David F. Champion, Bert W. Westbrook
Handbook of action research
2,330 Citations2006Sarah Riley, Hilary Bradbury
Academy of Management ReviewA Review and an Integration of Research on Job Burnout
2,059 Citations1993Cynthia L. Cordes, Thomas W. Dougherty
Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research
1,901 Citations2017Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Christina Maslach +1 more
Journal of Applied PsychologyEmotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover.
1,543 Citations1998Thomas A. Wright, Russell Cropanzano
Whereas emotional exhaustion was unrelated to job satisfaction, it was associated with both performance and subsequent turnover and also between emotional exhaustion and turnover remained significant above and beyond the effects of PA and NA.
Journal of Applied PsychologyThe relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors.
1,461 Citations2003Russell Cropanzano, Deborah E. Rupp +1 more
The authors proposed that emotional exhaustion would predict job performance, 2 classes of organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover intentions and posited that the relationship between emotional exhaustion and effective work behaviors would be mediated by organizational commitment.
Handbook of Organizational Behavior
1,371 Citations2001Robert T. Golembiewski
Choice Reviews OnlineStress, culture, and community: the psychology and philosophy of stress
1,053 Citations1999
American Journal of Public HealthThe benefits of interventions for work-related stress
1,009 Citations2001J J van der Klink, Roland W. B. Blonk +2 more
Cognitive-behavioral interventions are more effective than the other intervention types and are most pronounced on the following outcome categories: complaints, psychologic resources and responses, and perceived quality of work life.
European Journal of Psychological AssessmentThe Convergent Validity of Two Burnout Instruments
991 Citations2003Evangelia Demerouti, Evangelia Demerouti +3 more
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyTesting a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor.
977 Citations2002C. Brotheridge, Raymond T. Lee
A model is developed that proposes that workers attempt to cope with role demands by performing surface or deep acting and that the effect of this expenditure of resources on worker burnout depends on the more immediate rewards of the service encounter and the application of internal and external resources specific to the needs at hand.
Applied and Preventive PsychologyPrevention of burnout: New perspectives
968 Citations1998Christina Maslach, Julie H. Goldberg
Journal of ManagementThe Role of Social Support in the Stressor-Strain Relationship: An Examination of Work-Family Conflict
806 Citations1999Dawn S. Carlson, Pamela L. Perrewé
Psychology and Healthon the clinical validity of the maslach burnout inventory and the burnout measure
789 Citations2001Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Arnold B. Bakker +3 more
The validity of the three-factor structure of the MBI and the BM is confirmed, and burnout can partly be differentiated from other mental syndromes (e.g., anxiety and depression); and two MBI-scales are able to discriminate between burned out and non-burned out employees.
Journal of Occupational and Organizational PsychologyThe factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey (MBI‐GS) across occupational groups and nations
739 Citations2000Nico Schutte, Salla Toppinen +2 more
Conservation of Resources: A General Stress Theory Applied To Burnout
732 Citations2017Stevan E. Hobfoll, John R. Freedy
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyReceived and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model.
696 Citations1996Fran H. Norris, Krzysztof Kaniasty
Perceived support mediated the long-term effects on distress of both scope of disaster exposure and postdisaster received support, and theoretical and application issues of social support are discussed.
Research in occupational stress and well beingAREAS OF WORKLIFE: A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL PREDICTORS OF JOB BURNOUT
678 Citations2004Michael P. Leiter, Christina Maslach
Burnout: An Overview of 25 Years of Research and Theorizing
647 Citations2002Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Bram P. Buunk
Cambridge University Press eBooksUnderstanding and Preventing Teacher Burnout
642 Citations1999Roland Vandenberghe, A. Michael Huberman
Journal of Marketing ResearchBehavioral and Psychological Consequences of Boundary Spanning Burnout for Customer Service Representatives
618 Citations1994Jagdip Singh, Jerry R. Goolsby +1 more
Psychology and HealthIntroduction to special issue on burnout and health
582 Citations2001Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Esther R. Greenglass
Although burnout is linked to the extensive literature on occupational health, burnout goes beyond occupational health by focusing on specific stressors in the workplace to emphasize total life and environmental pressures affecting health.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyA test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster.
560 Citations1993Krzysztof Kaniasty, Fran H. Norris
Examination of stress-mediating potentials of 3 types of social support found declines in social embeddedness and nonkin support mediated the immediate and delayed impact of disaster stress, and found no evidence for the mediational role of kin support.
Journal of Organizational BehaviorCoping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns
549 Citations1991Michael P. Leiter
Anxiety Stress & CopingConsistency of the burnout construct across occupations
509 Citations1996Michael P. Leiter, Wilmar B. Schaufeli
The study found support for the validity of the scale through its consistency with the issues that participants raised in an open-ended questionnaire.
Social Science & MedicineThe correspondence of patient satisfaction and nurse burnout
499 Citations1998Michael P. Leiter, Phyllis Harvie +1 more
Although nurse cynicism was reflected in lower patient satisfaction with interactions with nursing staff, the correlations between cynicism and other aspects of care fell below statistical significance and no significant correlations were found between nurse professional efficacy and any of the patient satisfaction components measured.
Burnout As A Developmental Process: Consideration Of Models
481 Citations2017Michael P. Leiter
Journal of Organizational BehaviorThe contribution of burnout to work performance
470 Citations1997Thomas A. Wright, Douglas G. Bonett
Journal of Organizational BehaviorA further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model
463 Citations1993Raymond T. Lee, Blake E. Ashforth
Journal of Social Service ResearchA Preliminary Test of a Stress-Strain-Outcome Model for Reconceptualizing the Burnout Phenomenon
447 Citations1993Gary F. Koeske, Randi Koeske
Journal of Applied PsychologyOn the meaning of Maslach's three dimensions of burnout.
429 Citations1990Raymond T. Lee, Blake E. Ashforth
The dimensionality of Maslach's (1982) 3 aspects of job burnout--emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment--was examined among a sample of supervisors and managers in the human services and supported the 3-factor model.
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologySources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity.
412 Citations2002Caren Baruch-Feldman, Elizabeth Brondolo +2 more
American Journal of Community PsychologyIn search of altruistic community: Patterns of social support mobilization following Hurricane Hugo
406 Citations1995Krzysztof Kaniasty, Fran H. Norris
Race, education, and age most consistently moderated the impact of disaster exposure on receipt of postdisaster support, and Blacks and less educated victims received less help than similarly affected victims who were white or more educated.
Journal of Applied PsychologyReceiving instrumental support at work: When help is not welcome.
403 Citations2003Janna T. Deelstra, Maria C. W. Peeters +4 more
The authors tested the hypothesis that receiving imposed support elicits negative reactions, which are moderated by someone's need for support, and distinguished 3 different reactions: self-related, interaction-related and physiological.
Journal of Organizational BehaviorThe construct validity of two burnout measures
402 Citations1993Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Dirk van Dierendonck
Journal of Organizational BehaviorPatient demands, lack of reciprocity, and burnout: a five‐year longitudinal study among general practitioners
381 Citations2000Arnold B. Bakker, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +3 more
This study among a sample of 207 general practitioners uses a five-year longitudinal design to test a process model of burnout and finds that demanding patient contacts produce a lack of reciprocity in the GP-patient relationship, which depletes GPs' emotional resources and initiates the burnout syndrome.
Journal of Applied Social PsychologyBurnout in Health Care: The Role of the Five Factors of Personality
325 Citations2000Kelly L. Zellars, Pamela L. Perrewé +1 more
Findings indicate that specific dimensions of personality do significantly and differentially impact the experience of the 3 components of burnout among nurses working in a hospital.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesHealth Consequences of Organizational Injustice: Tests of Main and Interactive Effects
317 Citations2001Bennett J. Tepper
Journal of Behavioral MedicineBurnout, self- and supervisor-rated job performance, and absenteeism among nurses
312 Citations1995Patricia A. Parker, James A. Kulik
It is suggested that level of burnout served as a mediator of the relationships between social support and self-rated job performance, absences for mental health reasons, and intentions to quit.
Journal of Traumatic StressTowards an understanding of the psychological impact of natural disasters: An application of the conservation resources stress model
311 Citations1992John R. Freedy, Darlene Shaw +2 more
Burnout: An Existential Perspective
294 Citations2017Ayala M. Pines
Journal of Applied Social PsychologyBurnout Contagion Processes Among Teachers<sup>1</sup>
285 Citations2000Arnold B. Bakker, Wilmar B. Schaufeli
Academy of Management ReviewWhy is This Happening? A Causal Attribution Approach to Work Exhaustion Consequences
282 Citations2000Jo Ellen Moore
Role Of Professional self-efficacy In The Etiology And Amelioration Of Burnout
269 Citations2017Cary Cherniss
Journal of Applied PsychologyThe evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: The role of inequity and social support.
256 Citations1998Dirk van Dierendonck, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +1 more
Work & StressA test of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in three samples of healthcare professionals
243 Citations2000Thomas Kalliath, Michael P. O’Driscoll +2 more
Work & StressBurnout and reciprocity: Towards a dual-level social exchange model
232 Citations1996Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Dirk van Dierendonck +1 more
Work & StressConstruct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: A two-sample examination of its factor structure and correlates
227 Citations1999Toon W. Taris, Paul J. G. Schreurs +1 more
Anxiety Stress & CopingWORK-HOME INTERFERENCE AMONG NEWSPAPER MANAGERS: ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BURNOUT AND ENGAGEMENT
222 Citations2003Anthony Montgomery, Maria C. W. Peeters +2 more
Social Work ResearchA structural equation model of burnout and job exit among child protective services workers
220 Citations1996Brett Drake, Gautam N. Yadama
Psychological ReportsA Cautionary Note about the Cross-National and Clinical Validity of Cut-off Points for the Maslach Burnout Inventory
216 Citations1995Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Dirk van Dierendonck
It is concluded that extreme caution is required when cut-off points are used to classify individuals by burnout scores; only nation-specific and clinically derived cut-offs points should be employed.
Journal of ManagementWhen Conscientiousness Isn’t Enough: Emotional Exhaustion and Performance Among Call Center Customer Service Representatives
203 Citations2003L. A. Witt, Martha C. Andrews +1 more
Individual Differences, Work Stress and Health
201 Citations2009Norbert K. Semmer, Laurenz L. Meier
Measurement Of Burnout: A Review
198 Citations2017Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Dirk Enzmann +1 more
Anxiety Stress & CopingStress inoculation for reduction of burnout: A conservation of resources approach
195 Citations1994John R. Freedy, Stevan E. Hobfoll
Journal of Occupational and Organizational PsychologyDimensionality and validity of the Burnout Measure
190 Citations1998Dirk Enzmann, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +2 more
Journal of Applied PsychologyInvestigating newcomer expectations and job-related outcomes.
179 Citations1998M. Ronald Buckley, Donald B. Fedor +3 more
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyFit as a mediator of the relationship between work hours and burnout.
179 Citations1999Rosalind C. Barnett, Karen C. Gareis +1 more
The relationship between number of hours worked and burnout depends on the extent to which work schedules meet the needs of the worker, her or his partner, and their children, if any.
Journal of Social and Clinical PsychologyBurnout Contagion Among General Practitioners
171 Citations2001Arnold B. Bakker, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +2 more
Personnel ReviewPerson‐organization value congruence, burnout and diversion of resources
163 Citations2004Marc Siegall, Tracy McDonald
Journal of Social and Clinical PsychologyBurnout and Intention to Leave Among Mental Health-Care Professionals: A Social Psychological Approach
142 Citations1998Sabine A. E. Geurts, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +1 more
Journal of Cross-Cultural PsychologyBurnout among Nurses
140 Citations1994Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Beata Janczur
Although the work situation of Polish and Dutch nurses differs considerably, psychological variables are likewise crucial in understanding burnout among nurses of both countries.
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyBurnout and inequity among human service professionals: A longitudinal study.
138 Citations2001Dirk van Dierendonck, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +1 more
It was confirmed that inequity affects the central component of burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion) and that this relation is curvilinear.
Work & StressA longitudinal study of burnout: The relative importance of dispositions and experiences
131 Citations2002Matthias Burisch
Burnout, Health, Work Stress, and Organizational Healthiness
129 Citations2017Tom Cox, George Kuk +1 more
European Journal of Social PsychologyThe affective consequences of social comparison as related to professional burnout and social comparison orientation
120 Citations2001Bram P. Buunk, Jan Fekke Ybema +2 more
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyEffects of work overload and burnout on cholesterol and triglycerides levels: The moderating efffects of emotional reactivity among male and female employees.
113 Citations1997Arie Shirom, Mina Westman +2 more
The effects of objective and subjective overload, and of physical and emotional burnout, on cholesterol and triglycerides levels were studied in a quasiprospective design and both types of T1 burnout were positive predictors of the T2-T1 change in total cholesterol.
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyFrom inequity to burnout: The role of job stress.
110 Citations2001Toon W. Taris, Maria C. W. Peeters +3 more
It is concluded that the often-reported effect of inequity on burnout can partly be interpreted in terms of elevated levels of job stress.
International Journal of Nursing StudiesThe effects of job characteristics and individual characteristics on job satisfaction and burnout in community nursing
104 Citations1996Patrick G.M. Jansen, Ada Kerkstra +2 more
Job satisfaction and burnout among two categories of community-based nurses in the Netherlands taking account of job and individual characteristics are described to show that these nurses are moderately satisfied with their jobs and the effects of burnout are average.
Work & StressA longitudinal test of Karasek's Job Strain model among office workers
94 Citations1993Pascale Carayon
In Search Of Theory: Some Ruminations on the Nature And Etiology of Burnout
72 Citations2017Matthias Burisch, Wilmar B. Schaufeli
Work & StressPerformance and burnout in intensive care units
68 Citations1995Ger J. Keijsers, Wilmar B. Schaufeli +3 more
A model test of the relationship between both types of subjective performance and burnout reveals that nurses' perception of unit performance is indirectly related to burnout through perception of personal performance.
Work & StressPerceived inequity, communal orientation and burnout: The role of helping models
52 Citations2001Didier Truchot, Marie Deregard
Psychology Health & MedicineWork stress, social support, psychological burnout and emotional and physical well-being among teachers
50 Citations1996Ronald J. Burke, Esther R. Greenglass
Social Psychology of EducationI am Not a Better Teacher, But Others are Doing Worse: Burnout and Perceptions of Superiority Among Teachers
47 Citations2001Veerle Brenninkmeijer, Nico W. Vanyperen +1 more
International Journal of Stress ManagementSocial support as a buffer in the stress-burnout relationship
39 Citations1996Jerzy Koniarek, Bohdan Dudek
Psychological ReportsSignificant Effects Due to Rephrasing the Maslach Burnout Inventory's Personal Accomplishment Items
39 Citations2002Anne Marthe Bouman, Hans te Brake +1 more
Subjects, 292 Dutch psychology students answering negatively phrased Personal Accomplishment items, reported a more personally competent feeling than subjects answering positively phrased personal accomplishment items.
Journal for Quality and ParticipationBurnout and Quality in a Speed-Up World
35 Citations2001Michael P. Leiter, Christina Maslach
Digital Commons (Cedarville University)Utilizing the Maslach Burnout Inventory in Cross-Cultural Research
24 Citations2003Chi‐en Hwang, Robert F. Scherer +1 more
Anxiety Stress & CopingBurnout and reactions to social comparison information among volunteer caregivers
14 Citations2001Karen I. van der Zee, Arnold B. Bakker +1 more
Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooksAction Research in Organizations
13 Citations2020Marianne Kristiansen, Jørgen Bloch‐Poulsen
…
